Issue:
Volume 1, Issue 1, December 2026
Pages:
8-25
Received:
27 July 2026
Accepted:
5 August 2026
Published:
14 October 2026
DOI:
10.11648/j.sdimmunol.20260101.12
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Abstract: Background: COVID-19 is characterized not only by active SARS-CoV-2 replication but also by systemic inflammation, oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, and coagulation abnormalities, which contribute to severe disease and multiorgan injury. Therefore, agents capable of simultaneously modulating viral replication, oxidative imbalance, inflammatory responses, and hemostatic disturbances may represent a promising approach to comprehensive correction of coronavirus infection. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant, anti-infective, and anticoagulant properties of a Ganoderma lucidum- and Alkhadaya-based intervention in an experimental model of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methods: One hundred experimental animals were intranasally infected with SARS-CoV-2 and divided into four groups (n=25 each) receiving a Ganoderma lucidum-based intervention, remdesivir, molnupiravir, or baicalin. The 30-day study included assessment of viral load by RT-PCR, SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody responses, cytokine and chemokine profiles, biochemical and coagulation parameters, antioxidant enzyme activity, histopathological changes, body-weight dynamics, and survival. Statistical evaluation included the Mann–Whitney U test, Wilcoxon test, Pearson χ² test, ROC analysis, logistic regression, and Kaplan–Meier survival analysis. Results: Animals receiving the Ganoderma lucidum-based intervention demonstrated a substantially lower pulmonary viral RNA level on day 3 (3.5 log copies/mL) compared with the remdesivir, molnupiravir, and baicalin groups (6.65, 6.40, and 6.78 log copies/mL, respectively). No deaths were recorded in this group, corresponding to 100% survival, whereas mortality reached 23% in the remdesivir and molnupiravir groups and 100% in the baicalin group. Treatment was also associated with enhanced SARS-CoV-2-specific humoral responses; antibody levels against the spike protein and RBD were significantly higher than in the comparator groups (p=0.0043 and p<0.0001, respectively). The reported efficacy coefficient reached 92.7%. In addition, treatment was associated with modulation of oxidative-stress-related parameters, including increased glutathione peroxidase activity after prolonged administration. Conclusion: The experimental findings indicate that the Ganoderma lucidum- and Alkhadaya-based approach has potential multimodal activity against SARS-CoV-2 infection, combining antiviral, immunomodulatory, antioxidant, and hemostasis-related effects. Its association with reduced viral load, enhanced antibody responses, and improved survival supports further controlled experimental studies to clarify its mechanisms, safety, and therapeutic potential.
Abstract: Background: COVID-19 is characterized not only by active SARS-CoV-2 replication but also by systemic inflammation, oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, and coagulation abnormalities, which contribute to severe disease and multiorgan injury. Therefore, agents capable of simultaneously modulating viral replication, oxidative imbalance, inflamma...
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